本文介绍了Okapi，用于自然语言的新数据集到可执行的Web应用程序编程接口（NL2API）。此数据集是英文，包含22,508个问题和9,019个独特的API呼叫，涵盖三个域。我们为NL2API定义了新的组成泛化任务，该任务探讨了在推理阶段中的培训中从简单API调用外推开的模型能力。此外，该模型必须生成正确执行的API调用，而不是与现有方法进行正确执行，该方法评估具有占位符值的查询。我们的数据集与大多数现有的组合语义解析数据集不同，因为它是一个非合成数据集，研究了低资源设置中的组成概括。 Okapi是创建现实数据集和基准的一步，用于研究与现有数据集和任务一起学习组成泛化。我们报告了在各种扫描和okapi数据集任务上培训的序列到序列基线模型的泛化能力。当从简单API调用概括到更复杂的API调用时，最佳模型可实现15 \％精确匹配的准确性。这突出了未来研究的一些挑战。 okapi数据集和任务在https://aka.ms/nl2api/data上公开使用。

大规模的预训练语言模型在广泛的自然语言理解（NLU）任务中取得了巨大的成功，甚至超过人类性能。然而，最近的研究表明，这些模型的稳健性可能受到精心制作的文本对抗例子的挑战。虽然已经提出了几个单独的数据集来评估模型稳健性，但仍缺少原则和全面的基准。在本文中，我们呈现对抗性胶水（AdvGlue），这是一个新的多任务基准，以定量和彻底探索和评估各种对抗攻击下现代大规模语言模型的脆弱性。特别是，我们系统地应用14种文本对抗的攻击方法来构建一个粘合的援助，这是由人类进一步验证的可靠注释。我们的调查结果总结如下。 （i）大多数现有的对抗性攻击算法容易发生无效或暧昧的对手示例，其中大约90％的含量改变原始语义含义或误导性的人的注册人。因此，我们执行仔细的过滤过程来策划高质量的基准。 （ii）我们测试的所有语言模型和强大的培训方法在AdvGlue上表现不佳，差价远远落后于良性准确性。我们希望我们的工作能够激励开发新的对抗攻击，这些攻击更加隐身，更加统一，以及针对复杂的对抗性攻击的新强大语言模型。 Advglue在https://adversarialglue.github.io提供。

最近的自然语言理解进展（NLU）已经被驱动，部分是由胶水，超级格，小队等的基准。事实上，许多NLU模型现在在许多任务中匹配或超过“人类水平”性能这些基准。然而，大多数这些基准测试都提供模型访问相对大量的标记数据进行培训。因此，该模型提供了比人类所需的更多数据，以实现强大的性能。这有动机侧重于侧重于改善NLU模型的少量学习性能。然而，缺乏少量射门的标准化评估基准，导致不同纸张中的不同实验设置。为了帮助加速这一工作的工作，我们介绍了线索（受限制的语言理解评估标准），这是评估NLU模型的几次拍摄学习功能的基准。我们证明，虽然最近的模型在获得大量标记数据时达到人类性能，但对于大多数任务，少量拍摄设置中的性能存在巨大差距。我们还展示了几个拍摄设置中替代模型家族和适应技术之间的差异。最后，我们讨论了在设计实验设置时讨论了评估真实少量学习绩效的实验设置，并提出了统一的标准化方法，以获得少量学习评估。我们的目标是鼓励对NLU模型的研究，可以概括为具有少数示例的新任务。线索的代码和数据可以在https://github.com/microsoft/clues提供。

巨大的预训练模型已成为自然语言处理（NLP）的核心，它是针对一系列下游任务进行微调的起点。然而，此范式的两个疼痛点持续：（a）随着预训练的模型的增长越大（例如，GPT-3的175b参数），即使是微调过程也可能是耗时的，并且计算昂贵； （b）默认情况下，微调模型的大小与起点相同，由于其更专业的功能，这既不明智，也不是实际的，因为许多微调模型将部署在资源受限的环境中。为了解决这些疼痛点，我们通过在重量更新和最终模型权重中利用稀疏性来提出一个用于资源和参数有效的微调的框架。我们提出的框架被称为双重稀疏性的有效调整（DSEE），旨在实现两个关键目标：（i）参数有效的微调 - 通过在预训练的权重的顶部强制实施稀疏性的低级更新； （ii）资源有效的推论 - 通过鼓励对最终微调模型的稀疏重量结构。我们通过统一的方法在预训练的语言模型中利用非结构化和结构化的稀疏模式来利用这两个方向的稀疏性。广泛的实验和深入研究，对数十个数据集进行了不同的网络骨干（即Bert，Roberta和GPT-2），始终显示出令人印象深刻的参数 - /推理效率，同时保持竞争性下游性能。例如，DSEE在达到可比性能的同时节省了约25％的推理拖失lo，在BERT上具有0.5％的可训练参数。代码可在https://github.com/vita-group/dsee中找到。

学习捕获文本表对齐对于文本到SQL等任务至关重要。一个模型需要正确识别对列和值的自然语言引用，并在给定的数据库架构中将其扎根。在本文中，我们为文本到SQL提出了一个新颖的弱监督结构接地预处理框架（strug），可以有效地学习基于平行的文本表语料库来捕获文本表对齐。我们确定了一组新的预测任务：列接地，价值接地和列值映射，并利用它们为文本表编码预处理。此外，为了评估更现实的文本表对齐设置下的不同方法，我们基于蜘蛛dev设置的新评估集蜘蛛现实化，并明确提及已删除的列名，并采用八个现有的文本到SQL数据集以进行交叉 - 数据库评估。在所有设置中，Strug对Bert-Large都有显着改善。与现有的预训练方法（例如Grappa）相比，Strug在蜘蛛方面的性能相似，并且在更现实的集合上都优于所有基线。蜘蛛现实的数据集可从https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5205322获得。

Despite the recent progress in language generation models, their outputs may not always meet user expectations. In this work, we study whether informational feedback in natural language can be leveraged to improve generation quality and user preference alignment. To this end, we consider factual consistency in summarization, the quality that the summary should only contain information supported by the input documents, for user preference alignment. We collect a high-quality dataset, DeFacto, containing human demonstrations and informational feedback in natural language consisting of corrective instructions, edited summaries, and explanations with respect to the factual consistency of the summary. Using our dataset, we study two natural language generation tasks: 1) editing a summary using the human feedback, and 2) generating human feedback from the original summary. Using the two tasks, we further evaluate if models can automatically correct factual inconsistencies in generated summaries. We show that the human-edited summaries we collected are more factually consistent, and pre-trained language models can leverage our dataset to improve the factual consistency of original system-generated summaries in our proposed generation tasks. We make the DeFacto dataset publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeFacto.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Recent advances in deep learning (dl) have led to the release of several dl software libraries such as pytorch, Caffe, and TensorFlow, in order to assist machine learning (ml) practitioners in developing and deploying state-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNN), but they are not able to properly cope with limitations in the dl libraries such as testing or data processing. In this paper, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the most frequent dl libraries combination, the distribution of dl library dependencies across the ml workflow, and formulate a set of recommendations to (i) hardware builders for more optimized accelerators and (ii) library builder for more refined future releases. Our study is based on 1,484 open-source dl projects with 46,110 contributors selected based on their reputation. First, we found an increasing trend in the usage of deep learning libraries. Second, we highlight several usage patterns of deep learning libraries. In addition, we identify dependencies between dl libraries and the most frequent combination where we discover that pytorch and Scikit-learn and, Keras and TensorFlow are the most frequent combination in 18% and 14% of the projects. The developer uses two or three dl libraries in the same projects and tends to use different multiple dl libraries in both the same function and the same files. The developer shows patterns in using various deep-learning libraries and prefers simple functions with fewer arguments and straightforward goals. Finally, we present the implications of our findings for researchers, library maintainers, and hardware vendors.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

现有关于异常检测的作品（AD）依赖于人类注释者的清洁标签，这些标签在实践中获取昂贵。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种方法来利用弱/嘈杂标签（例如，由机器规则生成的检测恶意软件产生的风险评分），可获得异常检测的便宜。具体来说，我们建议Axpoe，这是从嘈杂标签中学习的异常检测算法的第一个框架。简而言之，Axpoe利用了专家（MOE）架构的混合物来鼓励从多个嘈杂来源的专门和可扩展的学习。它通过共享大多数模型参数来捕获嘈杂标签之间的相似性，同时通过构建“专家”子网络来鼓励专业化。为了进一步从嘈杂的标签中榨出信号，Ampoe将其用作输入功能来促进专家学习。在八个数据集（包括专有企业安全数据集）上进行了广泛的结果，证明了AXPOE的有效性，在该数据集中，它在不使用它的情况下可以提高34％的性能改进。此外，它的表现超过了13个带有等效网络参数和失败的领先基线。值得注意的是，AXPOE是模型不可替代的，可以实现任何基于神经网络的检测方法来处理嘈杂的标签，在此我们在多层感知器（MLP）和领先的AD方法Deepsad上都展示了其结果。